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What is perfect pitch?You are probably already aware that perfect pitch, also known as absolute pitch, is the ability to identify or recreate a musical note without using a reference. Some musicians are particularly good at singing any pitch at will, others are great at transcribing anything they hear or tuning an instrument to concert pitch using perfect pitch. Many musicians with perfect pitch are adept in both recreating and recognizing. There are other questions pertaining to whether is can be learned. This is the area of perfect pitch training.
Theory of Perfect Pitch According Recent Experiment
What is more important is the question of “how?”. We all know what perfect pitch is, but how do this minority of people recognize these supposed elusive “qualities” of the notes? What are these differences and how does perfect pitch really work? Some of the world’s most accomplished musicians do not have perfect pitch, however, most of us exhibit amazing skills of aural recognition every day. For example, we can easily recognize our mother’s voice amongst hundreds of other voices and sounds. So, how is it that we cannot all hear these note differences?
We need to be aware of some of the basics of acoustics before we can answer these questions. To begin with, all tonal sounds, such as musical instruments or voices, comprise fundamental frequencies and harmonics. Harmonics are also called overtones and all tonal sounds contain them. Even if a single sine wave tone is generated and output to a speaker, there will be harmonics in the sound. Waves have a physical property that they create more waves. The harmonics of a tone are multiples of the fundamental frequency. The sound you hear when a single A440 note is played is a combination of 440 Hz, 880 Hz, 1320 Hz, 1760 Hz, 2200 Hz, etc. The energy of the fundamental (440 Hz) is often the highest and the energy of each increasing harmonic decreases, as a general rule, but not with all instruments. The “first overtone” is the same as the second harmonic.. This article will use the terminology of harmonics to avoid the confusion. There is more about this here: learn perfect pitch.
Each instrument has its own harmonic levels, or “spectrum”. If you look at the spectrum for a clarinet, you see that each even harmonic is weak, whereas the odd ones are higher. Examining the spectrum of a particular guitar, however, reveals that its 6th and 7th harmonics are louder than the 3rd, 4th and 5th.
It is obvious that the harmonic spectra should be different. Otherwise, the instruments would sound the same. It is the levels of the harmonics of tonal sound, which (along with components of noise) give the particular timbre to the sound. The reason we can easily distinguish between instruments is that they have varying harmonic spectra.
In summary, the unique “quality” or timbre of a tonal sound is always determined by its harmonic levels.
Getting back to the subject of perfect pitch, we know that musicians who have perfect pitch hear differences in “quality”, we might even say timbre, between the notes. We know that composers with perfect pitch may choose a certain key for its characteristics, depending on the mood of the piece. But how does this relate to harmonic spectra and quality, as we know this depends on instrument? Well, the shocking, but obvious truth is that there is no physical difference in “timbre” between the different notes. If there were, there would be no mystery to perfect pitch and the differences would have been physically measured already. It is the human ear, which is responsible for perfect pitch, and the differences between notes are only perceived because of the resonances and frequency response of the ear.
Just like a microphone, the ear is better at hearing some frequencies than others and has moving parts, which have resonances. Any tonal sound entering the ear involves a wide range of harmonic frequencies, which set the whole machine in motion. The result is that we perceive some frequencies as much louder than others when, in fact, they have the same physical loudness.
The response does not differ much between people and can be seen on a common Equal Loudness curve. A sound of 30 Hz needs to have nearly one million times as much physical power to be perceived the same as a sound of 4000 Hz.
The ear has resonances because of certain resonating parts. For example, the auditory canal has a resonance at about 3 kHz. Resonances also come from the eardrum vibration, bones of the middle ear, and the complicated movements of the cochlea.
The equal loudness curve demonstrates just how varied the response of the ear is to different frequencies but is not the whole story. The complicated range of different effects going on in the ear as it is constantly exposed to multiple frequencies is a field of study on its own. For example, when one frequency masks another and how this depends greatly on the values of these frequencies.
So What is Perfect Pitch?
In summary, the perceived difference in harmonic spectra between the notes of the scale is at the root of perfect pitch. First, there exists the actual harmonic levels of the sound. Then there is a perceived spectrum resulting from the response of the ear. The brain is an extremely complex machine and those who have perfect pitch are simply able to tune in to the spectrum of the sound resulting from the resonances of the ear and can distinguish this from the physical spectrum created by the instrument. Musicians are, generally, much more concerned about the fundamental frequencies of the tones and less so with harmonics, which is why perfect pitch is so rare. To learn perfect pitch, one needs to learn to listen to the harmonics of sounds, which is a skill like any other and can be learned. To learn to play piano, visit pianoforall
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